The Effect of Occupational Stress and Concerns about the COVID-19 Pandemic on Secondary Traumatic Stress Syndrome among Iranian Frontline Nurses: A Mediating Model.

Objective: With the increasing effects of stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and occupational stress on the mental health of frontline nurses, it is imperative to further investigate how these stresses affect nurses' mental health and secondary traumatic stress syndrome. This research aimed to investigate the relationship of nurses' occupational stress and concerns about COVID-19 with secondary traumatic stress syndrome, and also to investigate the mediating effect that concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic have on the relationship between nurses' occupational stress and secondary traumatic stress syndrome. Method : A cross-sectional design was adopted. The population of the study was defined as all front-line nurses in Shiraz hospitals, from which 225 nurses of two corona care hospitals were selected using convenience sampling. The degree of secondary traumatic stress, concerns about the COVID-19, and nurses' occupational stress were assessed using Bride's Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), an adopted version of Level of Concerns about the COVID-19 questionnaire, and the Nurses' Occupational Stressor Scale (NOSS) among Hospital-based Healthcare Workers. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationships among variables. Results: Results showed that nurses' occupational stresses presented a direct effect on nurses' level of concern about the COVID-19 pandemic (ß = 0.85, P < 0.001), and concern about the COVID-19 pandemic was directly related to front-line nurse's secondary traumatic stress syndrome (ß = 0.83, P < 0.001). In addition, nurses' level of concern about the COVID-19 pandemic fully mediated the effects of nurses' occupational stresses on their secondary traumatic stress (ß = 0.70, P < 0.001). This indirect effect has explained 68% of the variance in nurses' secondary traumatic stress. Conclusion: These results emphasized the indirect effect of nurses' occupational stresses on secondary traumatic stress syndrome via mediating the level of concern about COVID-19. Therefore, to reduce the secondary traumatic stress of nurses who have dealt directly with COVID-19 patients, it seems necessary to pay serious attention to the sources of their occupational stress, which probably existed even before this pandemic and increased their concerns in pandemic conditions.

Psychological correlates of anxiety in response to COVID-19 outbreak among Iranian University students.

The present study aimed to investigate the psychological factors associated with anxiety in response to the COVID-19 pandemic among Iranian university students. Two hundred and sixty-four (264) students of an Iranian university answered an electronic online questionnaire from 11 through 18 March 2020. The electronic questionnaire included six subscales namely, the Corona Anxiety Inventory, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, the Social Trust Questionnaire, the Health Anxiety List, the Corona Facts Quiz, and the Trust in National Action in The Face of Corona Inventory. The results of regression analysis showed that the general health concern, the physical component of anxiety sensitivity, and knowledge related to corona facts were significantly associated with anxiety caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. However, belief in honesty at the community level and confidence in national measures taken against Corona were significant negative predictors of anxiety caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. The findings have implications for countries involved with the COVID-19 pandemic on how to implement their health programs.